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arforthefateofthosetheyleftbehindh
illachild,uredtosailpastthe
northcapeandoneofhiscaptains,richardchancellor,pushingfurthereastofapossibleroadtotheindies,
hadreachedarchangel,russia,ablished
diploticandrcialrelationsysteriousrulersofthisdistantsviteeireduringthefirstyearsofelizabethsrulethisvoyagehadbeenfolloanyothersrchantadventurers,hebenefitofa
``jointstockpanyhadlaidthefoundationsoftradingpanieselonies
halfpirate,halfdiplot,ostakeeverythingonasingleluugglersofeverythingthatuldbe
loadedintotheholdofavessel,dealersinnandrchandisehequalindifferencetoeverythingexcepttheirprofit,thesailorsofelizabethhadcarriedtheenglishflagandthefaoftheirvirginqueentothefourersofthesevenseasanshakespearekeptherjestyasedat
ho,andthebestbrainsandthebestofenglandoperatedpttochangethefeudalinheritance
ofhenryviiiintoadenationalstate
intheyear1603theoldladydiedattheageofseventyherusin,thegreatgrandsonofheroherhenry
viiandsonofrystuart,herrivalandene,succeededherasjasibythegraselfthe
rulerofauntryhefateofitsntinental
rivalsheeuropeanprotestantsandcatholicswerekillingeapttobreakthepowerof
theiradversariesandestablishtheexclusiveruleoftheirownparticularcreed,englandedat
leisureesofeitherlutheror
loyolaitgavetheislandkingdonenorusadvantageintheingstruggleforlonialpossessionsitassuredenglandaleadershipininteationalaffairshatuntryhasintaineduntilthepresentdaynoteventhedisastrousadventurealdevelopnt
thestuarts,hetudors,were``foreigners
inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstoodthisfactthenativehouseoftudoruldstealahorse,butthe``foreignstuartsalloolookatthe
bridlehoutcausinggreatpopulardisapprovaloldqueenbesshadruledherdoinsverychasshepleasedingeneralhoeant
neyinthepocketofthehonestandotherish
rchantshencethequeenhadbeenalhe
allliberties
takeneoftherightsandprerogativesofparliantheulteriorbenefitsh
herjestysstrongandsuccessfulforeign
policies
outesntinuedthesapolicybuthe
laypical
ofhisgreatpredeercentinuedtobe
enuragedthecatholicsgrantedanylibertiesbutiledpleasantlyuponenglandinaneffort
toestablishpeaesileback
thejorityoftheenglishpeopledidnotlikethis,butjasheirkingandtheykeptquiet
soonthereesand
hisson,charlesi,intheyear1625both
firybelievedintheprincipleoftheir``divinerighttoadnistertheirrealstheythoughtfithoutnsultingtheheirsubjectstheideanehepopes,
orethanonehesuccessorsofthe
roneerorsorratheroftheronierialidealof
asingleandundividedstateveringtheentireknownworld,hadalselvesandhadbeenpubliclyregnised
asthe``viceregentsofchristuponearthnoonequestionedtherightofgodtorulethe
asanaturalresult,feuredtodoubttherightofthedivine``viethingandtodendthe
obedienassesbecausehehedirectrepresentativeoftheabsoluteruleroftheuniverseandresponsibleonlytoalghtygod
ationprovedsuccessful,those
rightserlyhadbeeninvestedinthepapacyweretakenoverbythenyeuropeansovereignse
protestantsasheadoftheiroionalordynasticchurchestheyinsisteduponbeing``christsviceregentsitoftheiroerritorythepeopledidnotquestiontherightoftheirrulerstotakesuchasteptheyacceptedit,justastheideaofarepresentative
systetheonlyreasonableandjust
forfgoventitisunfairthereforetostatethateitherlutheranisrcalvinisausedtheparticularfeelingofirritationessoftandloudlyrepeated
assertionofhis``divinerighttheresthavebeenothergroundsforthegenuineenglishdisbeliefinthedivinerightofkings
thefirstpositivedenialofthe``divinerightofsovereignshadbeenheardintheherlandsheestatesgeneralabjuredtheirlahe
year1581``theking,sotheysaid,``hasbrokenhisntractandthekingthereforeisdisssedlikeanyotherunfaithfulservantsincethen,thisparticularideaofakingsresponsibilitiestoongnyofthe
nationsedtheshoresofthenorthseatheywereinaveryfavourablepositiontheyhepoorpeopleintheheartofercyoftheir
rulersbodyguard,uldnotaffordtodis
inthedeepestdungeonofthe
nearestcastlebuttherchantsofhollandandenglandaintenanceof
greataresandnavies,ighty
,hadnosuchfeartheywerewilling
topitthe``divinerightoftheirooneyagainstthe``divinerightofanyhabsburgorbourbonorstuarttheyknehattheirguildersandshillingsuldbeatthecluyfeudalaresheonlyheking
theydaredtoact,nedtosuffer
insilenceorruntheriskofthescaffold
hestuartsbegantoannoythepeopleofenglandthattheyhadarighttodotheypleased
andnevedtheresponsibil
